一、IRON AND STEEL SUBJECT INDEX IN 2004 No.1～12（论文文献综述）
Ting Jenn Ling（陈振宁）[1]（2021）在《中国马来西亚贸易互惠研究 ——以主要农产品贸易为例》文中指出中国和马来西亚两国之间贸易的商品种类超过13000种。本研究针对占据两国进出口量前20%的农林商品进行研究。考虑到两国市场规模和人口差异,中国的进出口商品价值挑选起步线是10亿美元,马来西亚则是1亿美元。故中国进出口贸易中,共有43种出口和34种进口的农林商品符合此标准。而马来西亚方面,共有出43种出口和28种进口的农林商品符合标准。根据UNComtrade 2019年数据分析结果,中国对农林业商品需求最大的是大豆,进口量最高,为350亿美元;其次是71.9亿美元的牛肉、58.6亿美元的木浆、40亿美元的棕榈油和39亿美元的冷冻虾。马来西亚对农林业商品进口需求额最大的是可可豆（8.27亿美元）、5.67亿美元的糖、5.37亿美元的天然乳胶、5.21亿美元的大豆提取物残留物和4.77亿美元的玉米。中国出口的农林商品中,橡胶轮胎、布皮、墨鱼和鱿鱼、大蒜、蘑菇、新鲜苹果和洋葱都具有很强的出口优势。而马来西亚具有出口优势的农林商品包括棕榈油、橡胶、手套、橡胶乳胶、汽车轮胎、可可以及木浆和纸板等木材相关商品。食品产品,如饼干、烘焙用具和三合一咖啡提取物也是马来西亚较有优势的的出口产品。与此同时,中马两国已经实现互惠的贸易项目包括了中国出口的大蒜、洋葱、苹果、和咖啡豆。马来西亚出口到中国的农产品包括棕榈油、可可、榴莲、饼干等食品加工产品、燃料木材和木浆、虾、墨鱼、鱿鱼等水产产业。待探索的潜在互惠贸易商品有中国出口的咖啡豆、大米和小麦。马来西亚对中国的出口还可以考虑家禽业,包括鸟（鸡）蛋,鸡脖,鸡爪等下游产业,以及木浆。国际贸易评估现在必须考虑到整个供应链,特别是农业和林业基础商品。许多农产品,如马来西亚出口的可可和咖啡,以及中国出口的水产品,都是在出口前进行加工,以便最大限度地延长保质期,实现更方便的运输。如今,优势论已不再是唯一的国际贸易衡量方法。因为如今很多国家利用其发达的产业和行业声誉,结合规模经济,获得出口优势,此现象还包含了由规模经济而产生的比较优势导致的垄断。马来西亚的可可、咖啡、棕榈油和橡胶工业就是很好的例子。马来西亚从邻国进口原料商品,加工后以马来西亚品牌出口销售到世界各地。因此,本研究所创新的互惠贸易论里包含了生产环境的互补现象衡量（体现在进口商有较高的进口需求,而出口商有较好的出口竞争优势）,同时也融入合适的出口价和进口购买价格等多维指标作为衡量标准。如今,国际贸易研究需要从传统的竞争意识形态转向现代化的合作理念。以马来西亚和中国贸易为案例,本研究的目标是在共荣的理念基础上,以可量化的实例,研究出一个国际贸易互惠的方法论框架。在分析的过程中,本研究发现现有的一些贸易衡量指标存在偏差,因此,本研究改进了几种新的国际贸易计量指标,包括平均比较优势指数（CAa A）、出口竞争优势指数（XCA）、进口比较需求指数（ICN）、和进口人均需求指数（DPK）,一定程度上改善了传统研究方法的不足。
Sugiarto Pramono[2]（2020）在《Economic Implications of Rising China on Economic and Security of Southeast Asia》文中指出发展中国家对军事支出与经济增长之间关系的大多数研究都发现负向关系的模式。但是,有趣的是,东南亚（作为一个发展中地区）的事实表明,这两个变量同时增长。因此,一个重要而有趣的问题是:为什么东南亚的军费开支和经济增长同时增长?为了回答主要问题,本研究使用定性方法（数据分析和文献研究）。从理论上讲,军费开支的增长有助于加强区域稳定。而区域稳定是经济可以良好增长的背景。同时,增加的经济连通性满足了区域稳定,从而带来了经济飞跃。该理论框架将研究引向这样一个发现:东南亚的同时经济增长和军事开支是由各个层面（全球,区域和国内）因素的相互作用所引起的。在全球范围内,配电领域正在发生变化。中国的崛起和美国实力的下降将权力结构从美国霸权转变为以美国和中国为主轴的均势。在东南亚,中国的崛起加强了与东南亚的经济关系。中国在该地区的经济浪潮正在推动区域经济发展,从而繁荣发展。该区域各国的日益繁荣使该区域各国具有调动资源以改善安全设施的更多能力,这主要从军事支出的增加中可以看出。因此,可以制止东南亚的恐怖运动。区域安全设施的增加增强了东南亚的稳定性,并成为投资吸引力。从而再次提高了区域经济绩效。这种安排是该地区经济增长和军事开支同步增长的背景。如果大多数学者发现发展中国家的两个变量之间存在负相关关系,那么这一发现将补充现有知识的积累,那么这项研究的结果恰恰相反,即东南亚的经济增长和军事开支的协调。
邢耀锋[3]（2020）在《《拉多吉卡·巴茨科诉克里斯·阿克赫斯特》判决书英汉翻译实践报告》文中研究表明本文是《拉多吉卡·巴茨科诉克里斯·阿克赫斯特》判决书的翻译实践报告。该判决书主要内容是法官针对澳大利亚新南威尔士州一起交通事故引起的民事索赔纠纷而进行的判决。原文本中大量引用判例和成文法,经常使用专业术语和长难句。另外,源文本中法庭主要参与人员的语言风格也各不相同。这些既是源文本的主要特点,也是翻译中的难点。对此,本次翻译实践在功能对等理论的指导下,使用顺句翻译法、句式重构法、求同存异法、增译法、拆分法、转类法、被动转主动法等各种翻译方法传递出源文本的语义,同时尽最大限度表达出源文本的风格。在翻译过程中成功解决了以下问题:1.引用判例的翻译;2.法律条文编码的翻译;3.专业术语的翻译;4.长难句的翻译;5.法庭主要参与人员语言风格的翻译。本翻译实践报告通过展示作者如何利用所掌握的翻译方法解决翻译实践中翻译难点,对翻译澳大利亚有关交通事故判决书的译员具有参考意义,为国内法律实践者提供澳大利亚法官在交通事故争议处理方面的借鉴。同时,本报告对中澳两国案例的法学研究也具有一定的意义。然而,由于源文本资料有限,法律条文编码的翻译只在本次的翻译实践中出现的条款编码中适用,在整部法律中的适用程度还需要进行检验和讨论。另外,源文本中原告、被告和律师的语言材料有限,他们的语言风格特点可能并不止文中所提到特点,还需要更多的语言材料来支撑和完善他们的其它语言特点。
Elvir Mammadov[4]（2020）在《冲突的社会起源 ——相对剥夺感与乌克兰广场革命》文中指出2013年11月21日,乌克兰的普通民众大规模占领了基辅的独立广场（Maidan Nezalezhnosti）,抗议总统维克多·亚努科维奇,因为他拒绝与欧盟签署联系国协议,这引发了民众骚乱和示威浪潮。就在协议遭到拒绝之时,恰逢乌克兰政府决定接受俄罗斯的贷款,从而疏远欧盟。加之乌克兰内部腐败猖獗,政府未能处理好地缘政治平衡,滥用自由和人权,以及生活水平下降等因素,这场针对亚努科维奇政权反欧盟立场的抗议活动升级。执法部门对抗议者的残暴行为导致更多的人加入到这场名为广场革命的示威活动中来;甚至导致抗议者采取暴力行动。自2014年初以来,抗议活动的目标已经从反对政府拒签联系国协定,转变为呼吁亚努科维奇辞职、整个政府下台,以示乌克兰社会对当局的不信任。抗议者还改变了他们的策略,从反对当局的被动示威游行转变为占领全国各地的官方建筑。在乌克兰西部和东部地区,多个地方政府大楼都被抗议者占领。然而,由于社会的大力支持和当局未能阻止这些行动,抗议者成功地占领西部地区而不是东部地区的官方建筑。抗议活动的突然增加,以及抗议者为夺取某些重要场所的控制权而作出的坚决努力,极大地改变了他们与政府之间的权力平衡。然而,这一进程的关键转折点发生在反对派成为乌克兰议会的主导团体之后。反对派挺进最高拉达（乌克兰议会）的举动加强了抗议者的政治力量,大大提高了他们在国内和国际上的合法性。这引发反对派与亚努科维奇政权的新对抗,防暴警察直接对准议会和反对派支持者。很快,随着亚努科维奇与反对派就恢复2004年宪法达成妥协,以及弹劾程序启动后的总统出逃,抗议活动暂时告一段落。随着亚努科维奇下台,“广场革命”似乎达成了反对者的目的。然而,很快就会发现,基辅政府更迭的影响显然超出了国家政治的界限。2012年语言法的废除,引发了俄罗斯占主导地位的东部地区与独立广场政府之间基于种族划分的冲突,该法曾赋予民众在地区一级同时使用俄语与乌克兰语的宪法权利。但政府极端亲欧政策和反俄言论已经对东部地区的经济利益构成了严重威胁,因为该地区经济是以俄罗斯市场为主的出口导向性经济,且规模较大。广场革命之后不久,顿巴斯地区（东部和南部俄语人口地区的通称）和中央政府之间的政治冲突升级为武装冲突。对峙的结果是,顿涅茨克和卢甘斯克两个分离主义共和国宣告成立,反对基辅,并呼吁自治。此外,俄罗斯接管克里米亚极大地影响了乌克兰的政治进程,使得“广场革命”从民众抗议演变为内战和国家间冲突。乌克兰现实的这些变化导致人们对“广场革命”的忽视和对其起源的误解。乌克兰政治发展掩盖了人们联合起来抗议政府的真正原因。首先,政府与乌克兰分离地区之间的武装冲突升级,主导了政治变革议程,这被视为是一场纯粹的地缘政治游戏。另一方面,“广场革命”成为乌克兰人民争取民主和自由所作的一种努力,忽视了这种自发的全国性集体行动的起源。在抗议期间和抗议结束后的运作机制在麦丹革命的走向及结果中发挥了重要作用。然而,从长远来看,这些抗议活动的表面原因无法解释问题的根源。相反,人们认为“广场革命”是一个突然发生的自发性事件,主要受外部因素影响,而不是决定乌克兰社会发展道路的内生因素。本文反对对乌克兰抗议活动的地缘政治解释和将事件还原为仅仅是关于乌克兰与欧盟联盟协定的说法,认为抗议活动是乌克兰社会以特定路径长期发展的结果。与其把广场革命看作是亚努科维奇政权期间政治进程的短期结果,不如把重点放在乌克兰过渡期（自2000年以来）的长期发展上。此外,经研究发现,这一事件的起源不太受动员机制和政治机会的影响,而更多地受人民积累的不满情绪的影响。广场革命不同于橙色革命,它是来自全国各地不同社会群体和人口类别的民众自发参与的结果。橙色革命期间主导政治进程的政治组织成为次要因素,民众的不满情绪在支持抗议活动方面发挥了关键作用,这种情绪来源于人们的价值能力和对生活水平的期望所造成的挫折感。本论文试图从“不满情绪”的视角对广场革命进行研究。为此,文章构建了一个理论框架,试图说明这一社会冲突是各种因素长期发展的结果。本论文主要回顾了两种理论研究方法。第一种是相对剥夺理论,以便研究乌克兰人的不满情绪。基于这种理论,文章指出,正是人们的价值能力和期望值的差异所引起的社会不满,使得人们对“广场抗议”的起源有了更深刻的认识。第二种是机会结构方法,主要考察了政治机会与冲突之间的关系。值得注意的是,本文认为,冲突更有可能发生在那些具备威权主义和民主混合政治因素的国家。这一论点与政治机会与冲突之间存在曲线关系的概念不谋而合。在上述理论探讨的基础上,本文提出了两个实证问题。第一个问题如下:鉴于最近历史上发生的社会经济发展变化,究竟哪种相对剥夺模式导致了2013-2014年间乌克兰社会冲突?第二个问题是,社会经济上相对剥夺感对乌克兰人民参与2013-2014年的反政府活动有何影响?为了回答这两个问题,本研究提出两个明确的实证论点,主要基于以下假设。首先,作为发生在乌克兰的特定社会冲突,体现出相对剥夺的渐进模式。第二个假设认为,社会经济上相对剥夺感对乌克兰公民参加广场抗议活动的意愿有重大影响。此外,本文还包括其他三个论点,其中两个论点是概念性的。第一个论点涉及到相对剥夺理论与冲突分析的相关性,第二个论点关于相对剥夺而非绝对剥夺对社会冲突概率的影响,第三个论点是,尽管亚努科维奇试图建立一个独裁国家,但乌克兰仍然是一个脆弱的民主国家,这影响了人民表达不满的形式。基于宏观数据模型和微观数据模型,本文采用了定性研究方法,以便严谨地探讨抗议活动的起源,相对剥夺理论,以及知觉对冲突概率的影响。在宏观数据模型方面,本论文采用了趋势分析方法,以考察社会经济因素、政治机会与社会冲突之间的因果关系。该模型从世界银行、CEIC数据库、贸易经济数据库和经济情报单位等多个数据库中获取数据。微观数据模型通过使用线性回归的统计模型,进一步研究了社会经济条件、政治机会与社会冲突之间的关系。该模型使用“世界价值观调查”（World Value Survey）的数据,在个人层面分析自变量和因变量之间的因果关系,从而研究剥夺感对冲突概率的影响。在相对剥夺理论框架下,本论文对“广场革命”进行了13年的宏观数据研究,结果表明,与中欧和其他独联体国家相比,乌克兰有着特定的社会经济发展路径。作为自变量的社会经济状况,其发展趋势表明了一种渐进式的相对剥夺模式。与中欧国家不同,20世纪90年代,乌克兰经历了一场长期的、毁灭性的经济衰退,直到20世纪90年代末和21世纪初才扭转了这一趋势。政治权力的巩固,以及把持战略性经济部门的寡头集团之间的共识,使得当局能够专注于经济增长。库奇马总统领导下的出口导向型经济模式,集中于如钢铁、机械等重工业上,促进了经济发展,改善了90年代灾难性衰退的社会经济状况。这种上升趋势一直持续到21世纪头十年的大部分时间。这种改善非常明显,不仅体现在总体经济指标方面,而且体现在人民生活水平方面。在整个经济增长期间,就业机会和人民收入都呈上升趋势。随着社会经济价值能力的好转,人们的期望值也在不断增加。在橙色政府的上半任期内,这种价值能力的发展趋势还在上升。然而,尤先科政府时期的经济金融化,以及获得廉价外国贷款的便利,使得乌克兰经济在全球金融市场波动面前变得非常脆弱。不过,外国贷款和投资可以带动乌克兰的消费市场,从而进一步改善该国的社会经济条件。受到全球经济危机的影响,乌克兰社会经济状况的向好趋势在2008-2009年间发生逆转。主要金融市场的崩溃立即切断了乌克兰银行获得廉价外国贷款的来源。此外,钢铁等重工业原料价格的下跌影响了该国的出口收入。经济的整体下滑恶化了民众脆弱的社会经济状况。自全球危机时期以来,各项指标都显示出衰退趋势,反映出类似的社会经济状况。尽管实际价值能力有所下降,但人们的价值预期在后危机时期还在继续增长。经济衰退成为政府的难题,亚努科维奇在2010年总统大选中当选,他承诺会立即实现乌克兰的经济增长并加入欧盟,这进一步提高了人们对他们能够实现的社会经济价值的期望。然而,乌克兰人的实际价值能力并没有像前十年那样增加,而是继续呈下降趋势发展。除了在亚努科维奇政府时期,导致民众社会经济状况恶化的结构性问题之外,财富集中、腐败猖獗,以及所谓家族精英阶层滥用权力等情况,进一步恶化了局势,扩大了人们的实际价值能力和期望之间的差距。社会经济条件的改善是社会性比较的一种特定类型,主要关注社会本身。除此之外,乌克兰人还有另一个影响他们价值预期的参照物。自橙色革命胜利以来,乌克兰改善了与欧盟的关系,并进入到一个新阶段,目标是长期融入欧盟。那些与乌克兰关系密切的邻国加入欧盟,影响了人们对欧盟的看法。与欧盟之间的密切关系,似乎意味着繁荣以及更高的生活水平,这是当时乌克兰人民无法实现的。这种社会间的比较对乌克兰人的期望值产生了重大影响,他们认为,一旦乌克兰融入欧盟,这些期望就可以达成。与关注社会内部的社会比较类型相结合,融入欧盟成为乌克兰公民的剥夺感产生的重要因素。不管这些社会比较的类型如何,对于那些继续认为自己的期望和能力之间的差距越来越大的人来说,两者都意味着高生活水平和繁荣。这种差距极大助长了人们日益增长的挫败感,并且在政府拒绝签署联系国协定时达到了一个临界点,从而成为这场社会冲突的导火索。此外,宏观数据模型给出了政治机会与社会冲突之间关系的结果。根据民主指数数据的分析,尽管库奇马和亚努科维奇曾试图在乌克兰建立威权主义,但乌克兰仍然是一个带有威权和民主成分的混合政权。对乌克兰政治机会趋势的研究,证明了政治机会与冲突之间存在曲线关系的论点。换句话说,乌克兰作为一个容易发生冲突的国家,提供了一个极好的案例。这是因为,作为一个威权国家,它未能镇压反对派,而且缺乏运作良好的民主体制,来确保民众可以对政府施加影响或实现民众的理想变革。波兰和俄罗斯,与乌克兰有着相同政治和经济结构背景。与这两个国家相比,乌克兰既不是专制国家,也不是完全民主国家。因此,与这些国家不同,乌克兰发生冲突的可能性更大。本论文还运用微观数据模型对个体层面的社会经济状况与社会冲突之间的关系进行了研究。此外,文章还分析了剥夺感对冲突概率的影响。根据微观数据分析的结果,乌克兰人在社会经济方面的相对剥夺感与他们参加反政府抗议活动的意愿之间存在显着关系。“世界价值观调查”的数据也显示了相同结果。换句话说,乌克兰人在社会经济方面越能感到一种相对剥夺感,就越愿意参与到有关消除挫败感的集体行动中来。除此之外,该模型还证实,动员和机会结构在冲突中占主导作用的论点不准确。因此,导致民众自愿参与到乌克兰“广场革命”的是这种不满情绪。此外,该模型还表明,只有同时研究绝对剥夺和相对剥夺学说,而不是仅仅片面的分析,才能更好理解相对剥夺学说。总的来说,本论文的研究结果证实,作为广场革命的起源的社会经济条件发挥了重要影响,这种革命是在一种渐进的相对剥夺模式中发展起来的。此外,研究结果与艾辛格的政治机会与冲突之间曲线关系的理论相吻合,该理论表明,乌克兰是一个有着混合政治体系的国家,与其独裁或民主的邻国相比,更容易发生冲突。在概念层面上,本论文有助于阐明有关相对剥夺的理解误区,他们主要关注绝对剥夺,而忽略了感知层面的剥夺,这是动员的一个关键因素。如果被剥夺权利的人没有意识到自己的权利被剥夺,那么他们就不会想要试图改变这种状况。乌克兰是一个很好的例子来说明,社会内部和社会间这两种不同社会比较类型所带来的感知效应。此外,本论文通过研究乌克兰麦丹革命,试图强调相对剥夺对于冲突分析的作用。本论文的结构由以下部分组成。第一章从研究背景入手,引出与理论相关的问题以及文献中精选的案例研究。然后进一步指出本论文的理论基础,介绍了案例研究（乌克兰广场抗议活动）的相关信息。这部分主要讨论与所选择的案例研究有关的实际问题,着重强调当前研究的不足之处,以及对冲突的因果关系的理解误区。因此,这部分主要关注的是社会冲突的根源,并且否定了目前主要基于冲突进程的几种解释。接着,本章提出了研究问题的假设和论证,为进一步研究该问题提供了指导。接下来的部分从理论层面和实证层面阐述了本研究的意义。在方法论方面,笔者建立了基于宏观数据和微观数据模型的研究设计,在绝对剥夺层面和相对剥夺层面上,探讨了相对剥夺与社会冲突之间的因果关系。宏观数据模型通过考察13年来社会经济状况和政治机会的趋势,研究相对剥夺与广场抗议活动之间的因果关系。微观数据由两部分组成,用于研究在相对剥夺概念框架下,机会结构对社会冲突概率的影响。第二部分为文献综述,包括相对剥夺理论、政治机会理论和资源动员理论的文献分析,以及对于冲突和相对剥夺的实证研究。在第二章中,笔者构建了研究框架,用于研究社会经济方面的相对剥夺如何影响广场抗议活动,探究了乌克兰发生相对剥夺的模式,并分析了13年来促成乌克兰公民社会不满情绪上升的社会因素。第三章回顾了苏联解体以来,处于过渡时期的乌克兰社会经济发展状况。同时,本章将社会比较作为评价人们价值预期的一个因素。本章确立了两种社会比较类型——社会内部和社会间的社会比较类型,这两种类型在增大乌克兰人的期望值方面发挥了重要作用。此外,笔者将社会经济方面的相对剥夺感视为决定性因素,但是它在这一时期发生重大变化,因此引起了民众难以忍受的挫折感,促使人们采取集体行动。本章从两个方面论述了乌克兰政府是社会不满的明显来源。一是乌克兰在保障某一特定阶层的社会经济价值观方面所起到的历史作用,二是政府在融入欧盟的进程中处于垄断地位。本章最后分析了这一时期,作为机会结构因素的乌克兰镇压力量,并论证了乌克兰的政治机会与冲突之间的曲线关系。在下一章中,研究包括基于宏观和微观数据模型的数据实证分析。在第一节,笔者展示了宏观数据,基于各种数据库的数据,分析了社会经济的发展趋势,并且基于相对剥夺模型的渐进模式,研究了期望值的变化。本论文讨论了十三年来,基于民主指数的机会结构事实。随后,笔者根据两个微观数据模型的统计分析,论证了社会经济方面的相对剥夺与社会冲突之间关系,这两个微观数据模型发挥了重要作用。在论文的最后部分,笔者给出研究的结论,并对研究结果和未来的研究方向进行了讨论。论文的其余部分包括参考文献。
Gonzalo Ghiggino[5]（2019）在《经济全球化及后国家改革语境下的中国对阿根廷投资研究》文中研究表明这篇论文在全球化与后国家改革的框架下分析论述了中国在阿根廷的投资。根据世界银行的数据,中国在近二十年来已经成为了世界范围内最大的投资者,并在这一时期内对全球经济的增长有着超过30%的贡献率。其中,中国对外直接投资也有着惊人的增长,为众多发展中国家提供了一项战略性资源。在阿根廷,中国的投资从2002年的1200万美元直接增长到了 2012年的230亿美元。在这段时期内,阿根廷政府也经历了一系列的体制性改革。为了回答这段时期政府改革与中国对阿投资之间的联系,本文以新结构主义的视角,通过历史和国际关系学的双重分析,对这一双边联系进行探讨。冷战之后,阿根廷政府开启的经济改革和国际潮流很大程度上影响了阿根廷政府的表现以及其推行的投资政策。早在1970年代,阿根廷政府就开始寻求一系列变革,这些变革直到卡洛斯·梅内姆时期才最终完成。这些变革的主旨就是用来限制阿根廷政府的权力,比如政府对市场更少的监管以及相关政策的推行与实施。这些都意味着与贝隆政府时期的历史决裂。最终,这些改革由于削弱了政府的实力,动摇了之前所推行的持久性政策,因此给后续的发展带来了十分消极的影响。2001年爆发的经济危机就是这一消极影响的具体表现。从21世纪开始,由于经济危机所带来的政府的不到位和政策的缺失,很大程度上限制了中国在阿根廷的投资表现。因此我们称这段危机和衰落期为后改革时代。1972年双方外交关系的建立是中阿关系的一个里程碑。双方都开始进一步推进政治合作,深化相互理解,并在双方发表联合宣言后见证了双边关系的持续推进。1990年之后,双方的经济关系开始越发重要,在2004年签订了战略合作伙伴关系的协议后,双边关系成了双方外交规划中的优先项,其中最为明显的一点就是双边贸易额的增加,从1999年的16亿美元到达了 2008年的135亿美元。通过合作协议我们可以发现,中国在阿的投资主要集中在矿产、基础设施及能源等方面。中国在阿根廷的投资不仅仅带有注重能源与基础设施的特征,同时也基本由国家企业主导实施。因此,中国政府在投资贸易的谈判中扮演着重要的角色。同时,中国的投资在帮助阿根廷解决就业与完善基础设施方面起到了积极的作用。除此之外,中国政府也经常会根据阿根廷政府的经济情况与偿还能力来制定还款计划,因此某种程度上也给阿根廷政府减缓了压力。最后,中国投资为阿根廷进一步发展相关出口到中国的产品提供了契机,通过大量的出口,阿根廷得以从这段外贸关系中维持相应的收支平衡;另一方面,也有利于中国公司在海外的扩张与发展。前景虽然乐观,但挑战也同样存在。对于中国来说,需要理解阿根廷的特殊情况,阿根廷的政府是一个弱政府,因此不能总是保障相关的协议项目能够顺利地开展。对于阿根廷来说,需要明白中国投资与自身长期目标之间的联系和相互影响,不能仅仅局限于判断中国的投资是好是坏。
Dafina Daniel Ndumbaro[6]（2019）在《坦桑尼亚油气投资合同：批判性分析》文中进行了进一步梳理自21世纪前十年的油气大发现以来,坦桑尼亚政府随之改革了法律和制度。不过,投资方面的改革并不稳定,政府在油气投资中的分成也较少。这种不稳定性及较少分成是由于油气投资合同的谈判、起草和管理不佳。尽管前人揭示了这些问题,但暂无关于坦桑尼亚的此类研究。在此背景下,本文研究了坦桑尼亚的油气投资合同,旨在识别现有缺陷及其对投资行为的影响。为了使研究更贴近现实,本文聚焦于合同法和投资法。在合同方面,本文分析了政府如何就油气问题进行谈判、起草及管理合同。本文进一步研究了所有权的概念以及产权的处置和转移,从而探讨坦桑尼亚投资合同中的不稳定性和分成较少问题。在投资方面,本文研究了相关的投资法,从而确定缺陷所在。在寻找稳定性和分成提高的障碍时,关于油气投资的法律规定提供了思路。在广义的油气投资上,本文探讨了生产谈判及政府的角色。本文进一步研究了部分制度在投资合同履行中的现实作用。该部分研究对于油气投资合同的综述,基于现有法律、书籍、论文、网络资料、周期性指标以及公开的生产合同范本。本文应用了宪法托管的（constitution trusteeship）理论以及Austin的所有权理论。(constitution trusteeship理论指出,政府是自然资源的托管方,代表公众利益,即公众是自然资源的所有者。根据Austin的产权理论,公众是所有者,对财产有处置权（售卖、出租或转移）。本文认为,谈判是合同形成的首要条件,因此,生产投资合同的谈判应慎之又慎。本文指出,油气产业的生产投资所存在的问题包括:在与投资方的谈判中,缺乏有经验的谈判专家;公众是自然资源的所有者,因而需要参与合同事宜,但在投资合同的形成过程中,缺乏公众参与。本文进一步指出,由于缺乏对政府行为的监督和制衡,如果政府职能过多,那么,将发生利益冲突和权力滥用。同时,本文提供了政府可能导致利益冲突和权力滥用的案例。结论进一步表明,政府的过多职能将对合同的稳定性产生负面影响。此外,本文发现了法律和政治行为如何危害坦桑尼亚的油气投资。通过研究法律和政治影响投资合同的实例,本文以案例研究的方式指出了一系列问题。本文指出,尽管推行了油气制度改革,但制度缺乏确保油气部门平稳运作并降低监管成本的联动机制。最后,针对有意在坦桑尼亚进行油气开发的外国投资者,本文提出了指导性建议。这些建议旨在概括性地告知外国投资者,在与政府签订合同时,应考虑哪些事前事后因素。为了最小化稳定性和分成的问题,也为了在坦桑尼亚油气领域建立投资友好的环境,本文提出了几条建议,包括法律、合同以及行政的干预措施。法律干预包括但不限于修订或扩充油气投资法案的条款。合同干预包括但不限于审阅和扩充政治风险保障条款、使用权安全保障条款、谈判指导原则以及类似《2013年生产合作协议范本》第9条第4款第8项（Article 9（ix）（h）of Model Production Sharing Agreement 2013）的合同条款解释。行政干预包括但不限于提高本地人员在政府谈判中的能力。本文还建议,在合同起草之初,公众应参与其中,从而减少对政府的不满,并创建投资的有利条件,促进投资的稳定性。政府应建立一站式服务中心以及内部电子协调机制,从而改善对油气部门的管理。应重塑政府在投资中的角色,将利益冲突降到最低,从而改善对油气部门的管理。本文指出,法律、合同以及行政干预能够最小化坦桑尼亚投资中的不稳定和分成过少问题。
Narayan Paudyal[7]（2019）在《针对食源性病原菌流行性的Meta分析和都柏林沙门氏菌的比较基因组分析》文中认为至今为止,食源性致病菌引起的食品安全问题逐渐成为困扰发达国家以及发展中国家的难题之一,中国同样面临着这一严峻的挑战。在全球各大数据库中已经涌现出成千上万的关于食源性病菌的研究,然而由于这些研究在取样规模以及实验方法方面存在较大的差异,使得出的研究结果的迥然不同。为探究其中的规律,我们应用meta分析的方法对中国和非洲食品样品中常见的食源性病菌的流行性进行了广泛的调查研究。在中国食源性病菌的调查中发现,都柏林沙门菌是造成中国食品安全问题的最为主要的元凶之一。都柏林沙门菌是一种牛源性的能引起肠炎以及奶牛全身系统性疾病的病原菌。本研究还采用线虫感染模型来比较评价不同菌株产生的毒力强弱以及其他适应性变化,并结合大规模全基因组测学的手段对人源性和牛源性的菌株相应的菌株基因型进行了检测。结果1.中国以及部分非洲国家的食源性病原菌meta分析结果食物中病原的总体流行率约为8.5%（95%CI:8.2-8.7）。水产品中的病原菌流行率最高为12.8%（12.0-13.5）,而蔬菜中的病原菌流行率最低为3.0%（2.6-3.4）。在所有食源性病原体中,弧菌流行率最高为21.3%（19.6-23.1）,而致病性大肠杆菌流行率最低为4.3%（3.3-5.2）。中国食品中主要食物病原体按照其流行率递减的顺序依次为副溶血性弧菌,弯曲杆菌,蜡状芽孢杆菌,金黄色葡萄球菌,沙门菌,肠杆菌,单核细胞增生李斯特菌和致病性大肠杆菌。研究结果显示,病原体在东部沿海地区的分布密度较高,而西部省份获得的相关数据最少。在非洲国家,肠杆菌科,大肠杆菌,沙门菌,金黄色葡萄球菌和单核细胞增生李斯特菌是最常被报道的病原微生物。这些国家的食源性病原菌的流行率高达34.2%（29.0-39.3%）。另一个显着的特点是即食食品和生食食品中病原菌都具有较高且相当的流行率。大肠杆菌在即食食品中平均为31.6%,生食中平均为37.6%;沙门菌为21.7%和19.9%;金黄色葡萄球菌为25.1%和27.8%;单核细胞增生李斯特菌为19.5%和6.7%。2.都柏林沙门氏菌的表型和基因型分析MLST结果显示采集样品中的都柏林沙门菌是属于ST10的同源菌种。尽管细菌的来源不同（例如人和动物）,但大多数菌株在不同的培养条件下都表现出相似的生物行为。在不同的培养条件下,大多数细菌的运动性并无显着性差异,而只有两种人源的都柏林沙门菌在有氧或无氧条件下形成了微量的菌膜。两种来源的菌株形态大都均匀一致,只有两种动物源和两种人类源菌株在有氧培养中形成了放射状形态,而在厌氧培养条件下所有菌株都呈现出典型的锯齿形态。尽管动物分离株的抗性决定因子数量要比人分离株多,但人类和动物分离株在抗药模式方面几乎没有明显的区别。与动物分离株相比,人类分离株中在有氧培养环境下的抗药性较弱。有两种分离株对四环素,磺胺甲恶唑和氯霉素都表现出很强的耐药性,而对氨基糖苷类的抗性是变化不定的。同时二者在有氧条件下失去了对喹诺酮的抗性,而在厌氧培养中,其MIC值和抗性都增加,尤其人类分离株表现明显。对氨基糖苷类（尤其是链霉素）的抗性与前者类似,即其MIC和抗性在厌氧培养中增加。在有氧培养中,对四环素（动物为92%,人为50%）,磺胺甲恶唑（动物为95%,人为70%）和氯霉素（动物为89%,人为50%）的耐药率较高。在厌氧培养中,对链霉素的耐药性很高（动物为96%,人为70%）,头孢噻呋（动物为94%,人为100%）,氯霉素和磺胺甲恶唑（动物为87%）对磺胺甲恶唑为100%。在人类分离物中。对除喹诺酮类抗生素外的其他所有药物的耐药性,基因型-表型一致性的细菌所占比例超过总数的80%。而对喹诺酮类药物的耐药实验中,有氧培养条件下的细菌的基因型和表型的一致性非常高,但在厌氧培养中却是不一致的。主要的基因型表型不一致是有些耐药的细菌自身并未携带获得性耐药基因。由此推断,即使在没有获得性抗性基因的情况下,厌氧培条件仍可激活细菌对喹诺酮类的抗药机制和生化反应,最终导致基因型和表型不一致性的现.使用秀丽隐杆线虫进行的动物模型毒力评估显示,与动物分离株相比,人类毒株的毒力更强（中位存活时间为7天）（中位存活时间为9天）。3.人源以及牛源分离菌株的基因组比较分析基因组比较分析发现动物来源（特别是牛）分离菌株可形成聚类,并分明地与人源分离株区分开来。动物分离菌株含有超过30种获得性多药耐药基因,而人类分离菌株含有少于25种多药耐药性基因。动物分离株含有≥3种不同类型的质粒,而人类分离株含有≤2种不同类型的质粒。基因组比较显示,来源不同的各分离株基因组呈现出高度的一致性,并且大规模全基因组测序和随后的序列分析也没有发现任何仅属于动物或者人类分离株的典型特征。即使有一些分离株存在表型差异,但其基因型并未发生变化。4.总结陈述和研究意义研究结果表明中国与发达国家面临着同样的食源性病菌污染的风险,所以制定执行微生物食品安全和降低风险的政策措施时不容缓,迫在眉睫。我们的研究结果证明了选择弧菌和沙门菌作为中国食品安全检测靶标是具有重要意义的,同时有力地反驳了认为病原菌只局限于沿海地区或者内陆的观点。另外,建议在处理生食或RTE食品样品时改善操作规范,同时在同一地区内采用统一的实验室操作流程的安全监测体系,将有助于产生同质性较高的结果。对于病原菌而言,动物或人类来源的高度同源的都柏林沙门菌的所表现出的行为差异可用源-库动力学原理来解释,即分离菌株在不同环境的诱导下表现出相应的反应以更好地适应生存,而不是保持原来的突变。厌氧和有氧环境条件下细菌可产生不同的耐药表现,尤其是对喹诺酮类,所以我们应根据环境条件的不同来选择相应的抗生素种类,治疗方案和用药剂量,以期对病畜或者病人产生最好的治疗效果。而细菌形成少量生物膜的意义在于,这样可使得保持浮游状态的细菌自由移动,再辅以其于厌氧或好氧条件下的运动性,可能有益于细菌在恶劣环境下生存下来。在抗生素治疗过程中,厌氧条件下细菌的耐药性增强将有益于其在宿主体内的生存繁殖。根据不同的环境刺激信号或者宿主-病原的相互作用的诱导,都柏林沙门氏菌可改变其应对机制以大大增强其在不同环境的生存适应性。
Merah Salima Ahlem[8]（2019）在《An Analysis of the Factors Shaping the Outcomes of China’s Resource for Infra-structure（RFI） Model》文中指出中国一直在为非洲基础设施的改造做出重要贡献,这些基础设施被认为是提高生产能力和消除经济瓶颈的催化剂。中国在非洲基础设施的投资通过独特和创新的融资模式为解决这些经济瓶颈提供了较好的解决方案,以及“基础设施资源”模式（RFI）。中国的这一模式已经频繁地在撒哈拉以南非洲地区（SSA）得以实施并取得了不同程度的成功。这项研究在撒哈拉以南非洲地区的四个国家进行了比较分析研究,即:安哥拉,刚果,苏丹和加蓬。我们发现RFI项目有10个关键的成功因素,我们将它们分类为宏观因素和微观因素。通过这些因素的研究,将进一步规范并提升中国在非洲国家进行基础设施投资的有效性并进而提升中非关系。
MD MEHEDI HASAN[9]（2019）在《论WTO体制特殊与差别待遇条款的有效性及其促进发展的机制》文中研究说明如果多边贸易体制能以制度方式顾及所有参与者的需要,那么它的有效运行将无疑为所有参粤者提供美好前景。尽管这一愿景十分诱人-相互关系,互惠和非歧视等基本原则继续保持其在多边贸易体制核心支柱的角色-但是“一刀切”的做法并不可取。公平并不仅仅指规则的平等适用,更重要的是,它也要求对那些在规则平等适用下可能陷入更不利地位的那些参与者予以适当考虑。无论非歧视,相互关系和互惠等原则在多边贸易体制中将以何种形式存在,只要WTO成员间经济和工业发展水平方面的不平等现象仍然存在,就有必要对部分贸易体系的基本规则进行调整,以使得各国在参与国际贸易方面实现有效的平等。虽然WTO不是一个发展组织,但它始终认为,对所有成员的有效纳入能使这一机构更具一致性,可以处理不同经济发展水平的需求和关切。特殊与差别待遇（SDT）提供了这样一种方法,通过承认发展中国家在特定语境下的独特需求,它可以促进这些国家发展。尽管各种WTO协议中有大量的SDT条款,但发展中国家一直对SDT条款的有效性和可操作性表示担忧。由于这类条款缺乏执行机制,且具有非强制性和法律不稳定性,发展中国家总是尝试寻求替代方法,即区域贸易安排以实现其利益。但是,采取积极措施解决这些问题并使SDT条款更为有效,总不会为时太晚。发展中国家认为,这些新的安排并非是反对贸易自由化、而是增加和促进自由化的积极创新。本文引入了一个基于“条约有效性”理论的分析框架,并将其应用于SDT条款,尝试使该类条款更加有效和可操作。本文认为,条约效力蕴含了三个基本机制,即目的和宗旨解释,合法性和遵约机制。国家可能出于各种原因遵守条约,但如果条约未能实现其目标,该条约仍可能是没有实效的。当我们解释SDT条款时,应当结合WTO的下述目标仔细审查,即消弭成员间失衡,消除影响贸易自由的因素及实现更好的一体化。只有当一个规则是依据正当程序创设和适用时才能被认为具有合法性,而且这个规则应当促进被规制对象的自愿遵守。因此,本文还评估了 WTO的决策过程,并提出了如何使其对SDT条款而言更具可操作性和透明度的建议。考察机制的有效性的最重要途径之一是考察其遵约机制。在本文中,它还试图证明现行的遵约机制是一种执行模式,它应当被管理模式所取代,以获得更好的结果,以及使得SDT条款更有效。本文对WTO体制SDT条款的分析和评估表明,关于一个机制的重新定位的认识是有时效性的,应该通过不断发展的对贸易与发展之间联系的理解以及消除不同发展中国家面临的制约因素来获取。
LIZETTE RAMOS（李莎）[10]（2018）在《中国与墨西哥经济特区外商直接投资机制比较研究》文中指出2016年6月,墨西哥颁布了一部联邦法律,首次在墨西哥建立了三个经济特区。这项计划被视为一项重大举措,旨在缓解墨西哥南部的历史遗留问题。其目的主要是通过优惠的财政和关税制度为外国公司提供一个安全的、有利于商业发展的环境。此外,经济特区也将提供一些额外的好处,比如墨西哥开发银行通过的软贷款的方式和实行严密的安全措施来保证法治的实施。与其他国家一样,经济特区将吸引跨国公司在这些领域开展业务,从而创造高收入的工作岗位,激励创新,鼓励出口,增强墨西哥在国际市场上的竞争力。本文的目的是探究墨西哥可以从中国模式中学到经济特区的哪些特性、相似性以及机会,进而考虑中国可能在墨西哥的某些地区进行意向投资。经济特区是一个成功的模式,特别是中国在这一领域是先驱者。到目前为止,在已经设立经济特区的地方,地方贸易得到了提升,并增强了投资的吸引力,这也会产生越来越好的工作机会,经济产量也会提升,从而获得更好的生活水平。众所周知,中国是一个新兴的商业力量,其生产的特点使其成为最具竞争力的国家之一,其吸引的投资效益和激励效应,以及提供的有效的人力资本投资,大大增加了其参与美国和欧洲市场的份额。它也为世界经济增长和世界贸易做出了重要贡献,并致力于维持脆弱的全球金融平衡,维持对拉美和加勒比基本产品的日益增长的需求的平衡,并与拉丁美洲和加勒比的轻工业和中级制造业依次竞争。此外,在G20峰会的最后一天,中华人民共和国主席和墨西哥总统借此机会进行讨论,希望构建未来五年双方合作的蓝图,并在经济特区建设方面进行合作。中华人民共和国无论在历史上,还是日益发展壮大的今天,都是社会经济和地缘政治的国际成员。他们提供越来越多的市场产品与服务已经给国际社会带来了重大的变化,其中当然包括对拉丁美洲和墨西哥的影响。因此,本文分为六章以便读者理解。第一章为理论框架,主要研究该领域的国际经济法的概念及其作用;第二章为经济特区与中国和墨西哥建立创作的起源说,意图介绍建立经济特区的标准、位置、以及法律框架;第三章为介绍为了吸引外商投资,在中国和墨西哥的经济特区哪些根据各自国家的法律框架来设置的基础设施,从而吸引对经济特区的外国投资;在第四章中对在经济特区外商投资的局限性进行了分析;第五章研究中国和墨西哥之间的经济特区的异同。最后,在第六章中,我想指出对未来墨西哥经济特区发展的建议,以及如何从中国吸取经验,鼓励刚刚在墨西哥创建的经济特区的运作,并加强两国之间的联系,增加亚洲对拉丁美洲的投资。
二、IRON AND STEEL SUBJECT INDEX IN 2004 No.1～12（论文开题报告）
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三、IRON AND STEEL SUBJECT INDEX IN 2004 No.1～12（论文提纲范文）
（1）中国马来西亚贸易互惠研究 ——以主要农产品贸易为例（论文提纲范文）
| 摘要 |
| ABSTRACT |
| Chapter 1 Introduction |
| 1.1 The Historical Perspective of International Trade |
| 1.2 Trade around the World Today |
| 1.3 The Belt & Road Initiative Cooperation (BRIc) |
| 1.4 Problems Statement |
| 1.5 Research Objective |
| 1.6 Justification of Research |
| Chapter 2 Literature Review |
| 2.1 Introduction to International Trade |
| Mercantilism in International Trade |
| 2.2 Globalization |
| 2.2.1 Globalization-related diseases |
| 2.2.2 Economic Impact Of Globalization |
| 2.2.3 Criticism of Globalization |
| 2.3 Concerns around International Trade |
| 2.3.1 Smugglers |
| 2.3.2 Fair Trade |
| 2.3.3 Justice in the marketplace |
| 2.3.4 Economic sanctions/Trade sanctions |
| 2.3.5 Trade Barrier, Tariff, Quota and Subsidy |
| 2.3.6 Customs Duty and HS Code |
| 2.3.7 Agreement on Trade(Trade Pact & Trade Bloc) |
| 2.4 The International Trade Related Organization |
| 2.4.1 The United Nation Statistics Division |
| 2.4.2 United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) |
| 2.4.3 The World Trade Organization(WTO) |
| 2.4.4 The World Customs Organization(WCO) |
| 2.4.5 IMF stands for International Monetary Fund (IMF) |
| 2.4.6 International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) |
| 2.4.7 World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) |
| 2.5 Market Access in International Trade |
| 2.6 Custom Duties |
| 2.7 Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures |
| 2.8 Rules of Origin |
| 2.9 Sources of Data for International Trade Study |
| 2.9.1 International Trade Statistics Database of United Nation(UMComtrade) |
| 2.9.2 United Nation Food & Agricultural Division (FAO Stat) Database |
| 2.9.3 World Bank Database |
| 2.9.4 World Trade Organization Database |
| 2.9.5 International Monetary Fund (IMF) Database |
| 2.10 Recognition,Conceptualist and Approach in international trade study |
| 2.10.1 Absolute Advantage by Adam Smith |
| 2.10.2 Comparative Advantage by David Ricardo |
| 2.10.3 Gravity Model of Trade by Walter Isard |
| 2.10.4 New Trade Theory By Paul Krugman |
| 2.11 Analyzing Methodologies in International Trade Research |
| 2.11.1 Index |
| 2.11.2 Causal Model in International Trade |
| Chapter 3 Methodologies |
| 3.1 Overview of International Trade Evaluation in This Study |
| International trade patterns: Logic Behind the Theories |
| 3.2 Theories, Concept And Approach In This Study |
| 3.2.1 Absolute advantages of Adam Smith |
| 3.2.2 Comparative advantage of David Ricardo |
| 3.2.3 New Trade Theory by Paul Krugman |
| 3.2.4 Pareto Distribution |
| 3.2.5 The Reciprocity of International Trade |
| 3.3 Data Sources And Evaluation Steps |
| 3.4 Evaluation Methodology |
| 3.4.1 Comparative Advantage above Average (CAaA) Index |
| 3.4.2 Export Competitive Advantage index (XCA) |
| 3.4.3 Export/Import Price per Kilogram |
| 3.4.4 Comparative Import Need (ICN) |
| 3.4.5 Import Demand Per Capital (DPK) |
| 3.4.6 Complementary Ratio |
| 3.4.7 International Trade Reciprocity Index |
| 3.5 Steps and Procedures |
| 3.5.1 Obtain data |
| 3.6 Export Competitiveness and Import Need Analysis |
| 3.7 Trade Complementing Ratio and Trade Reciprocity Index |
| Chapter 4 China Export to Malaysia & China Comparative Advantage |
| 4.1 Introduction of China |
| 4.1.1 Geography of China and China Agriculture Products |
| 4.1.2 China Economic, Import and Export |
| 4.2 China Agriculture and Forestry Commodities Export |
| 4.2.1 Overview of Major Agricultural and Forestry Export Commodities of China |
| 4.2.2 Major Agricultural and Forestry Export Commodities of China |
| 4.3 Main Commodities that China Export to Malaysia |
| 4.4 China Comparative Advantage in Exporting to Malaysia |
| 4.4.1 HS070310 Competitiveness of China in Exporting Vegetables, alliaceous; onionsand shallots, fresh or chilled |
| 4.4.2 Competitiveness of China in Exporting Vegetables,alliaceous;garlic,fresh orchilled (HS070320) |
| 4.4.3 Competitiveness of China in Exporting Fruit,edible;apples,fresh (HS080810) |
| 4.4.4 Competitiveness of China in Exporting Rubber;new pneumatic tyres,of a kind used on motor cars (including station wagons and racing cars)(HS401110) |
| 4.4.5 Competitiveness of China in Exporting Nuts;ground-nuts, whether or notcontaining added sugar, other sweetening matter or spirit (HS200811) |
| 4.4.6 Competitiveness of China in Exporting Fruit, edible; pears, fresh (HS080830) |
| 4.4.7 Competitiveness of China in Exporting Rubber; new pneumatic tyres, of a kindused on construction, mining or industrial handling vehicles and machines (HS401180) |
| 4.5 Other Commodities which China having High Comparative Advantages |
| 4.5.1 HS030354 Competitiveness of China in Exporting Fish; frozen, mackerel(Scomberscombrus, Scomberaustralasicus, Scomber japonicas |
| 4.5.2 Competitiveness of China in Exporting Frozen Fish, excluding fillets, fish meatof 0304, and edible fish offal of subheadings 0303.91 to 0303.99, n.e.c. in heading0303 (HS030389) |
| 4.5.3 Competitiveness of China in Exporting Fish; frozen, n.e.c. in heading 0303,excluding fillets, fish meat of 0304, and edible fish offal of subheadings 0303.91 to0303.99 (HS 030471) |
| 4.5.4 Competitiveness of China in Exporting Fish fillets;frozen, Alaska pollack(Theragrachalcogramma) (HS030475) |
| 4.5.5 Competitiveness of China in Exporting Fishfillets;frozen, salmon, Pacific, Atlantic (Salmosalar), and Danube(Huchohucho) (HS030481) |
| 4.5.6 Competitiveness of China in Exporting Fish fillets;frozen, of fish n.e.c.in heading 0304.8(HS030489) |
| 4.5.7 Competitiveness of China in Exporting Crustaceans; frozen, shrimps and prawns,excluding cold-water varieties, in shell or not, smoked, cooked or not before or duringsmoking; in shell, cooked by steaming or by boiling in water (HS030617) |
| 4.5.8 Competitiveness of China in Exporting Molluscs; cuttle fish and squid, whetherin shell or not, includes flours, meals, and pellets of molluscs, fit for humanconsumption, frozen (HS030743) |
| 4.5.9 Competitiveness of China in Exporting Vegetables, brassica; edible, n.e.c. inheading no. 0704, fresh or chilled (HS070490) |
| 4.5.10 Competitiveness of China in Exporting Meat preparations; of the poultry ofheading no. 0105, (i.e. of fowls of the species Gallus domesticus) (HS160232) |
| 4.5.11 Competitiveness of China in Exporting Fish preparations; tunas, skipjack and Atlantic bonito (sarda spp.), prepared or preserved, whole or in pieces (but not minced)(HS160414) |
| 4.5.12 Competitiveness of China in Exporting Fish preparations; eels, prepared orpreserved, whole or in pieces (but not minced) (HS160417) |
| 4.5.13 Competitiveness of China in Exporting Fish preparations; fish prepared or preserved, whole or in pieces (but not minced), n.e.c. in heading no. 1604 (HS160419) |
| 4.5.14 Competitiveness of China in Exporting Fish preparations; fish minced or informs n.e.c. in heading no. 1604, prepared or preserved (HS160420) |
| 4.5.15 Competitiveness of China in Exporting Vegetable preparations; tomatoes, (other than whole or in pieces), prepared or preserved otherwise than by vinegar or aceticacid (HS 200290) |
| 4.5.16 Competitiveness of China in Exporting Vegetable preparations; vegetables and mixtures of vegetables n.e.c. in heading no. 2005, prepared or preserved otherwise thanby vinegar or acetic acid, not frozen (HS 200599) |
| 4.5.17 Competitiveness of China in Exporting Nuts and other seeds; whether or not containing added sugar, other sweetening matter or spirit (excluding ground-nutsexcept in mixtures) (HS200819) |
| 4.5.18 Competitiveness of China in Exporting Fruit, nuts and other edible parts of plants; prepared or preserved, whether or not containing added sugar, other sweeteningmatter or spirit, n.e.c. in heading no. 2008 (HS200899) |
| 4.5.19 Competitiveness of China in Exporting Fruit, edible; mandarins (includingtangerines and Satsumas), fresh or dried (HS080521) |
| 4.5.20 Competitiveness of China in Exporting Fruit, edible; grapes, fresh (HS080610) |
| 4.5.21 Competitiveness of China in Exporting Wood;doors and their frames andthresholds (HS441820) |
| 4.5.22 Competitiveness of China in Exporting Paper and paperboard; coated with kaolin or other inorganic substances, for printing/writing/graphics, having 10% or less by weight of total fibres got by mechanical/chemi-mechanical process |
| 4.5.23 Competitiveness of China in Exporting Kraft paper and paperboard; uniformly bleached throughout, coated with inorganic substances, more than 95% of chemically processed wood fibres, weight more than 150g/m~2 |
| 4.5.24 Competitiveness of China in Exporting Fabrics, woven; containing 85% or more by weight of cotton, printed, plain weave, weighing more than 100g/m2 but not morethan 200g/m2 (HS520852) |
| Chapter 5 Malaysia Export to China & Malaysia Comparative Advantage |
| 5.1 Introduction of Malaysia |
| 5.1.1 Malaysia Economic |
| 5.1.2 Geography of Malaysia and Malaysia Agricultural Products |
| 5.2 Malaysia Agricultural & Forestry Commodities Export |
| 5.2.1 Overview of Major Agricultural and Forestry Commodities Export of Malaysia |
| 5.2.2 Malaysia Major Exported Agriculture and Forestry Commodities |
| 5.3 Main Agriculture & Forestry Commodities Malaysia Export to China |
| 5.4 Malaysia Export Comparative Advantage in Supplying to China |
| 5.4.1 Palm Oil |
| 5.4.2 Natural Rubber (HS 40) |
| 5.4.3 Forestry Commodities Wood (HS44) |
| 5.4.4 Competitiveness of Malaysia in Exporting Wood pulp;chemical wood pulp,dissolving grades (HS470200) |
| 5.4.5 Competitiveness of Malaysia in Exporting Paper and paperboard;self-adhesive,in rolls or sheets (HS481141) |
| 5.4.6 Competitiveness of Malaysia in Exporting Cocoa beans;whole or broken,raw orroasted (HS180100) |
| 5.4.7 Competitiveness of Malaysia in Exporting Cocoa; paste, not defatted (HS180310) |
| 5.4.8 Competitiveness of Malaysia in Exporting Cocoa; butter, fat and oil (HS180400) |
| 5.4.9 Competitiveness of Malaysia in Exporting Cocoa; powder, not containing addedsugar or other sweetening matter (HS180500) |
| 5.4.10 Competitiveness of Malaysia in Exporting Chocolate and other foodpreparations containing cocoa; n.e.c. in chapter 18 (HS180690) |
| 5.4.11 Competitiveness of Malaysia in Exporting Extracts, essences and concentrates;of coffee, and preparations with a basis of these extracts, essences or concentrates orwith a basis of coffee (HS210111) |
| 5.4.12 Competitiveness of Malaysia in Exporting Preparations with a basis of extracts,essences or concentrates or with a basis of coffee (HS210112) |
| 5.4.13 Competitiveness of Malaysia in Exporting Crustaceans; frozen, shrimps andprawns, excluding cold-water varieties, in shell or not, smoked, cooked or not beforeor during smoking; in shell, cooked by steaming or by boiling in water (HS030617) |
| 5.5 Other Commodities which Malaysia having High Comparative Advantages |
| 5.5.1 Competitiveness of Malaysia in Exporting Dairy produce; milk and cream,concentrated, not containing added sugar or other sweetening matter, in powder,granules or other solid forms, of a fat content exceeding 1.5% (by weight) (HS040221) |
| 5.5.2 Competitiveness of Malaysia in Exporting Vegetable oils; soya-bean oil and itsfractions, other than crude, whether or not refined, but not chemically modified(HS150790) |
| 5.5.3 Competitiveness of Malaysia in Exporting Poultry; live, fowls of the speciesGallus domesticus, weighing more than 185g (HS010594) |
| 5.5.4 Competitiveness of Malaysia in Exporting Food preparations; of flour, meal,starch, malt extract or milk products, for uses n.e.c. in heading no. 1901 (HS190190) |
| 5.5.5 Competitiveness of Malaysia in Exporting Food preparations; sweet biscuits,whether or not containing cocoa (HS190531) |
| 5.5.6 Competitiveness of Malaysia in Exporting Food preparations; bakers' wares n.e.c.in heading no. 1605, whether or not containing cocoa; communion wafers |
| Chapter 6 Reciprocity Trade between China and Malaysia |
| 6.1 Overview of China Malaysia Trade |
| 6.2 Reciprocity Trade Evaluation between Malaysia and China |
| 6.2.1 Complementary trade analysis for China export to Malaysia |
| 6.2.2 Reciprocity Index for China Export Malaysia Trade |
| 6.2.3 Complementary Trade Analysis for Malaysia Export to China |
| 6.2.4 Reciprocity Index For Malaysia Export China Trade |
| 6.3 Malaysia Import Need |
| 6.3.1 Malaysia Import Demand Cereals Wheat(HS 100199 ) |
| 6.3.2 Malaysia Import Demand cereals maize seed (HS 100510) |
| 6.3.3 Malaysia Import Demand cereals maize (HS 100590) |
| 6.3.4 Malaysia Import Demand cereals rice (HS 100630 ) |
| 6.3.5 Malaysia Import Demand Vegetable (Palm) oils (HS151110) |
| 6.3.6 Malaysia Import Demand Coconut Oil (HS 151311) |
| 6.3.7 Malaysia Import Demand Food preparations for infants (HS 190110) |
| 6.3.8 Malaysia Import Demand Food preparations pasta (HS 190230) |
| 6.3.9 Malaysia Import Demand Sauces and preparations (HS 210390) |
| 6.3.10 Malaysia Import Demand Dog or cat food retail pack (HS 230910) |
| 6.3.11 Malaysia Import Demand Dog or cat food, animal feeding (HS 230990) |
| 6.3.12 Malaysia Import Demand Natural Rubber Latex (HS 400110) |
| 6.3.13 Malaysia Import Demand Uncoated paper and paperboard (HS 480256) |
| 6.3.14 Malaysia Import Demand Meat of bovine(HS 020230) |
| 6.3.15 Malaysia Import Demand Meat of sheep(HS 020442) |
| 6.4 Potential Commodities for China – Malaysia Export |
| 6.5 Import Purchase Need of China |
| 6.5.1 Overview of China Import Purchase |
| 6.5.2 China Import Demand Meat of Bovine (HS 020230 ) |
| 6.5.3 China Import Demand Meat of swine (HS 020329 ) |
| 6.5.4 China Import Demand Meat of sheep (HS 020442 ) |
| 6.5.5 China Import Demand Offal of swine (HS 020649) |
| 6.5.6 China Import Demand Meat and Edible Offal (HS 020714) |
| 6.5.7 China Import Demand Frozen Shrimp (HS 030617 ) |
| 6.5.8 China Import Demand Live Seafood (HS 030631 ) |
| 6.5.9 China Import Demand Dairy Produce (HS 040221 ) |
| 6.5.10 China Import Demand Bananas (HS 080390) |
| 6.5.11 China Import Demand Cherries (HS 080929 ) |
| 6.5.12 China Import Demand Durians (HS 081060 ) |
| 6.5.13 China Import Demand Barley (HS 100390) |
| 6.5.14 China Import Demand Maize (HS 100590 ) |
| 6.5.15China Import Demand Rice (HS100630 ) |
| 6.5.16 China Import Demand Soya Beans (HS 120190 ) |
| 6.5.17 China Import Demand Oil Seeds (HS 120510) |
| 6.5.18 China Import Demand Palm Oil (HS 151190) |
| 6.5.19 China Import Demand vegetable oil (HS 151411) |
| 6.5.20 China Import Demand Milk Production for Young Children (HS 190110) |
| 6.5.21 China Import Demand Technically Specified Natural Rubber (HS 400122 ) |
| 6.5.22 China Import Demand Mixtures of Natural and Synthetic Rubber (HS 400280 ) |
| 6.5.23 China Import Demand Wood for Fuel (HS 400122) |
| 6.5.24 China Import Demand Wood of Pine (HS 440321 ) |
| 6.5.25 China Import Demand Paper or Paperboard (HS 470710 ) |
| 6.5.26 China Import Demand Wool (HS 510111 ) |
| 6.6 Potential Commodities for Malaysia–China Export |
| Chapter 7 Summary,Research Limitation,Recommendations and Conclusion |
| 7.1 Summary |
| 7.2 Research Limitation |
| 7.2.1 Data available and miss match |
| 7.2.2 Loophole on Pareto 20-80 % Selection Rules |
| 7.3 Invention |
| 7.4 Future research recommendation |
| References参考文献 |
| ATTACHMENT附录 |
| APPRECIATION致谢 |
| Bio Skate个人简历 |
（2）Economic Implications of Rising China on Economic and Security of Southeast Asia（论文提纲范文）
| Acknowledgements |
| Abstract |
| 摘要 |
| Chapter 1 Introduction |
| 1. Research background |
| 2. Research Question and Hypothesis |
| 3. The Relevance of Research |
| 4. Methodology |
| 5. Literature Review |
| 6. ResearchPuzzle |
| 7. Chapters Overview |
| Chapter 2 Theoretical Framework |
| 1. The basic assumptions of the research |
| 2. The core variables involved in the research |
| 3. Theoretically analyze for explain the relationship between economic growth and militaryexpenditure |
| 3.1. Possibility process and relationship of Military Expenditure with Growth |
| Chapter 3 Economic Growth and Military Expenditure in SEA |
| 1. Why is the SEA strategic? |
| 2. Why is SEA urgent? |
| 2.1. SEA Military Expenditure Level |
| 2.2. SEA Economic Growth |
| 3. Important and Interesting Relations of the Two Variables |
| Chapter 4 The Shifting of Global Powers as A Global Context |
| 1. Indicators of global powers shifting |
| 2. The Rise of China |
| 2.1. The China's Economic Rise |
| 2.2. Belt and Road Initiative |
| 2.3. The China Military Power |
| 2.4. Artificial Intelligence |
| 2.5. China's Navy |
| 2.6. China's Peace full Development |
| 2.7. Understanding the China's Rise |
| 3. The USA Rebalancing Strategy |
| 4. The Balance of Powers In SEA |
| 5. How is the China-USA interaction create a balance of powers in SEA? |
| Chapter 5 China's Economic and Its Effect on The Growth in SEA |
| 1. International relations between China and SEA |
| 2. Increasing Economic Relations |
| 3. The process of economic growth in each SEA countries |
| 3.1. China's investment in Cambodia |
| 3.2. Chinese investment in Laos |
| 3.3. Chinese investment in Thailand |
| 3.4. Chinese investment in the Philippines |
| 3.5. Chinese investment in Singapore |
| 3.6. China's Project in Malaysia |
| 3.7. Investment in Indonesia |
| 3.8. China's Investment in Myanmar |
| 3.9. China's investment in Vietnam |
| 3.10. Investment in Brunei Darussalam |
| 4. The Integration and Expansion of Development |
| 5. Economic Leap and Depletion of the Economic Gap |
| 6. Causality relationship of FDI,Trade and GDP in SEA |
| Chapter 6 Increasing Southeast Asia Security Service |
| 1. Growth in military spending that accompanies prosperity in Southeast Asia |
| 1.1. Economic progress and security services:Case of the Philippines |
| 1.1.1. The enhance of security services and counter-terrorism policy |
| 1.2. The challenge of Thailand's national stability |
| 1.3. Indonesia' effort to create regional stability |
| 1.4. The Myanmar's effort to create a stability |
| 1.5. Laos and Cambodia:small GDP with a sharp increase of security service |
| 1.6. Singapore and Vietnam:A dynamic economy with excellent security |
| 1.7. Brunei and Malaysia:the two of SEA countries with a declining military budget |
| 2. Strengthening security at the regional level |
| 3. Factors behind the increasing security services in Southeast Asia |
| 3.1. The increased economic activity of countries in Southeast Asia |
| 3.2. Increased threats of terrorism and separatism in Southeast Asia |
| 3.3. The border disputes |
| 3.4. Does the SCS issue have an effect on the increasing regional military expenditure? |
| Chapter 7 Constructing a Theory of the Harmonious Relationship between Military Expenditure andEconomic Growth from the Case of SEA |
| 1. Review research findings |
| 1.1. The rise of China and increasing economic relations |
| 1.2. Increased economic dynamics in Southeast Asia |
| 1.3. Strengthening of Southeast Asian security services |
| 2. Constructing a Theory from SEA Case |
| Chapter 8 Conclusion |
| 1. Summary |
| 2. Contributions of this Study |
| 3. The Weakness of the Study |
| 4. Recommendations |
| 5. Closing Statement |
| Bibliography |
（3）《拉多吉卡·巴茨科诉克里斯·阿克赫斯特》判决书英汉翻译实践报告（论文提纲范文）
| abstract |
| 摘要 |
| Chapter One Introduction |
| Chapter Two Translation Process |
| 2.1 Preparation Before Translation |
| 2.1.1 Analysis of Source Text |
| 2.1.1.1 Employment of Case Citation |
| 2.1.1.2 Citation of Section Number in Cited Acts and Rules |
| 2.1.1.3 Adoption of Technical Terms |
| 2.1.1.4 Use of Long and Complicated Sentences |
| 2.1.1.5 Language Styles of Different Court Participants |
| 2.1.2 Translation Theory |
| 2.1.3 Collection of Related Materials and Making Plan |
| 2.2 Translation Implementation |
| 2.3 Proofreading and Revision After Translation |
| Chapter III Case Study |
| 3.1 Translation of Case Citations |
| 3.2 Translation of Section Number in Cited Acts and Rules |
| 3.3 Translation of Technical Terms |
| 3.4 Translation of Long and Complicated Sentences |
| 3.5 Translation of Language Styles of Different Court Participants |
| Chapter IV Project Assessment |
| 4.1 Self-assessment |
| 4.2 Expert Assessment |
| 4.3 Entruster Assessment |
| Chapter V Conclusion |
| Acknowledgements |
| Bibliography |
| Appendix A Certificate of Entrustment and Assessment |
| Appendix B E-mail Communication With New South Wales Caselaw |
| Appendix C Source Text and Target Text |
（4）冲突的社会起源 ——相对剥夺感与乌克兰广场革命（论文提纲范文）
| 摘要 |
| Abstract |
| Chapter 1 Introduction |
| 1.1 Research Background |
| 1.2 Background of the Case Study |
| 1.3 Research Question and Main Argument |
| 1.4 Significance of the Study |
| 1.5 Structure of the Dissertation |
| Chapter 2 Methodology and Main Theoretical Approaches |
| 2.1 Methodology |
| 2.1.1 The Macro-Data Analysis |
| 2.1.2 The Micro-Data Analysis |
| 2.1.3 Control Variables |
| 2.2 Main Theoretical Approaches |
| 2.2.1 Theory of Relative Deprivation |
| 2.2.2 Political Opportunities Versus Grievances |
| 2.3 Summary |
| Chapter 3 Relative Deprivation Revisited |
| 3.1 Recent Trend in Conflicts |
| 3.2 Social Comparisons for Reference |
| 3.3 How Relative Deprivation Might Matter |
| 3.4 The Forms and Targets of Relative Deprivation |
| 3.5 Research Framework |
| 3.6 Summary |
| Chapter 4 Social Change and Relative Deprivation in Independent Ukraine |
| 4.1 Gradual Reforms and Export-Led Economy:Evidence from Transition Period of Ukraine |
| 4.2 Up and Down of Economic Development Since the Orange Government |
| 4.3 Upward Economic Change and Integration to EU:Twofold Development of Social Comparison |
| 4.4 Government Repressiveness and Opportunity Structures in Ukraine |
| 4.5 Summary |
| Chapter 5 Absolute and Relative Deprivation in Ukraine;Evidence from Macro-and Micro-Data Analyses |
| 5.1 Macro-Data Analysis of Relative Socio-Economic Deprivation |
| 5.2 Political Opportunities and Absolute Deprivation in Ukraine |
| 5.3 Micro-Data Analysis of Relative Socio-Economic Deprivation |
| 5.4 Summary |
| Conclusion |
| Bibliography |
| Acknowledgements |
（5）经济全球化及后国家改革语境下的中国对阿根廷投资研究（论文提纲范文）
| Acknowledgements |
| Abstract (Chinese) |
| Abstract (English) |
| Introduction |
| 1. The significance of the study |
| 2. Literature review |
| 3. Research question |
| 4. Hypothesis |
| 5. Theoretical framework |
| 6. Research methodology |
| 7. The structure of the study |
| Chapter1 The propagation of the economic globalization and the transformation of the State |
| 1.1 The end of the Cold War and the emerging of new paradigm |
| 1.2 The investments and its role in shaping international relations |
| 1.3 The transformation of the State |
| Chapter2 Reforms and post-reforms in Argentina |
| 2.1 The crisis of power |
| 2.2 The State reforms |
| 2.3 Post-reforms |
| Chapter3 China's role in the international system and its implications as a global investor |
| 3.1 Strategies for investments in China |
| 3.2 China in the international system |
| 3.3 China as a global investor and the expansion of Chinese companies.The role of going out policy |
| Chapter4 China’s interest to invest in Argentina |
| 4.1 The expansion of Chinese investment through the world and the scopein Latin America to ensure markets |
| 4.2 The need to develop global champions companies |
| 4.3 A place to invest in food, mining, and energy |
| Chapter5 The interest of Argentina for Chinese investment |
| 5.1 The characteristics of Chinese investments in Argentina |
| 5.2 The political reasons |
| 5.3 Reduce the deficit with China and secure a source of investment |
| Chapter6 Chinese investment and the bilateral relations |
| 6.1 Consolidation of the bilateral relations in the late Cold War(1972-1989) |
| 6.2 Expanding the economic relations after the end of the Cold War |
| 6.3 New dynamics in the bilateral relations since 2003 |
| 6.4 The impacts of Chinese investments |
| Conclusion |
| Bibliography |
| Publications |
（6）坦桑尼亚油气投资合同：批判性分析（论文提纲范文）
| 摘要 |
| ABSTRACT |
| Abbreviations |
| Chapter Ⅰ: The Introduction |
| 1.1 Thesis Layout |
| 1.2 Background of Problem |
| 1.3 Statement of Problem |
| 1.4 Objective of Stud |
| 1.5 Hypothesis |
| 1.6 Literature Review |
| 1.7 Significant of the Study |
| 1.8 Research Methodology |
| Chapter Ⅱ: Oil and Gas Sector Historical Review in Tanzania |
| Part Ⅰ: Political Economic history |
| Part Ⅱ: Exploration Legal History |
| Part Ⅲ: Analysis of Oil and Gas Laws in Tanzania |
| 2.3.1 Primary Laws in Oil and Gas Investment |
| 2.3.1.1 Constitution |
| 2.3.1.2 Petroleum Act |
| 2.3.1.3 Oil and Gas Revenue Management Act |
| 2.3.1.4 Tanzania Extractive Industries (Transparency and Accountability) Act |
| 2.3.2 Secondary laws in Oil and Gas Investment |
| 2.3.2.1 Social Security Regulatory Authority Act |
| 2.3.2.2 Environmental Management Act |
| 2.3.2.3 Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Act |
| 2.3.2.4 Workers Compensation Act |
| 2.3.2.5 Non Citizen (Employment Regulations) Act |
| 2.3.2.6 Immigration Act |
| Part Ⅳ Oil and Gas Tanzania |
| 2.4.1 Oil and Gas Production Chain |
| 2.4.2 Oil and Gas Institutions |
| 2.4.2.1 Tanzania Petroleum Development Corporation (TPDC) and National Oil Company (NOC) |
| 2.4.2.2 Petroleum Upstream Regulatory Authority (PURA) |
| 2.4.2.3 Energy and Water Utilities Regulatory Authority (EWURA) |
| 2.4.2.4 Oil and Gas Institutions Overview |
| 2.4.3 Role of Government in Upstream Oil and Gas Investment Activities in Tanzania |
| 2.4.3.1 Government as Trustee |
| 2.4.3.2 Government as Regulator |
| 2.4.3.3 Government as Supervisor |
| 2.4.3.4 Government as a Part in Oil and Gas Activities |
| 2.4.3.5 Roles of Government Overview |
| Chapter Ⅲ: Oil and Gas Contract |
| Part Ⅰ: Brief Introduction of Forms of Investment Contract in Tanzania |
| 3.1.1 Oil and Gas Investment Contract in Tanzania Overview |
| Part Ⅱ: Upstream Oil and Gas Investment Contract in Tanzania Overview |
| 3.2.1 Contractual Models |
| 3.2 1.1 Concession |
| 3.2.1.2 License in Tanzania |
| 3.2.1.3 Production Sharing Agreements (PSA) Overview |
| 3.2.1.4 Production Sharing Agreement (PSA) in Tanzania |
| 3.2.1.5 Joint Venture Overview |
| 3.2.1.6 Joint Venture in Tanzania |
| 3.2.1.7 Service Contract Overview |
| 3.2.1.8 Service Contract in Tanzania |
| Part Ⅲ: Current Situation of Oil and Gas Investment Contract |
| Chapter Ⅳ: Formation of Oil and Gas Investment Contract |
| Part Ⅰ: Formation and Existence of Contract |
| 4.1.1 Negotiation of Oil and Gas Contract Overview |
| 4.1.1.1 Negotiation of Oil and Gas Investment Contract in Tanzania |
| 4.1.2 Drafting of Oil and Gas Contract Overview |
| 4.1.2.1 Drafting in Tanzania |
| 4.1.3 Management of Oil and Gas Contract |
| Part Ⅱ: Roles of the Parties in Oil and Gas Contract Overview |
| 4.2.1 Roles of Tanzania Government in Oil and Gas Contract |
| 4.2.1.1 Management of Natural Resources |
| 4.2.1.2 Government as Supervisor |
| 4.2.1.3 Government as Part in Oil and Gas Contract |
| 4.2.2 Roles of Investors in Upstream Oil and Gas Activities Overview |
| 4.2.2.1 Provide Guarantee |
| 4.2.2.2 Provide Discovery Information |
| 4.2.2.3 Pay Tax |
| 4.2.2.4 Propose to the Government Take off Procedure |
| 4.2.2.5 To Furnish Necessary Information to TPDC |
| 4.2.2.6 Develop Internal Management Systems that Comply With the Act |
| 4.2.2.7 Insure Operation Risks |
| 4.2.2.8 Analyze Risks |
| 4.2.2.9 Conduct Environmental Impact Assessment |
| 4.2.2.10 Abide with Terms |
| Part Ⅲ Contractual Liability of Parties on Oil and Gas Contract |
| 4.3.1 Effect of Contractual Liability in Stability and Revenue Capture |
| 4.3.2 Choice of Law in Handling Oil and Gas Contractual Issues in Tanzania |
| 4.3.3 Judicial Protection of Parties to Oil and Gas Contract |
| 4.3.4 Enforcement of the Oil and Gas Claims |
| Chapter Ⅴ Analysis of Contractual Provisions |
| Part Ⅰ Contractual Provisions Analysis |
| 5.1.1 Risk Assessment Provisions |
| 5.1.2 Guarantee of Performance of Obligations |
| 5.1.3 Stability Clause |
| Part Ⅱ Challenges Faces Oil and Gas Investment Contract Tanzania |
| 5.2.1 Specific Challenges |
| 5.2.1.1 Contractual Provisions not Addressing all Legal Risks |
| 5.2.1.2 Lack of Negotiation Guidelines |
| 5.2.1.3 Contractual Terms do not Guarantee Security of Tenure |
| 5.2.1.4 Lack of Management Mechanism for Contract Performance |
| 5.2.1.5 Lack of Clarifications in Some Provisions of Contract |
| 5.2.2 General Challenges |
| 5.2.2.1 Lack of Expertise |
| 5.2.2.2 Lack of Sufficient Investment Capital |
| 5.2.2.3 Lack of Transparency |
| 5.2.2.4 Lack of Public Participation |
| 5.2.2.5 Conflicting Roles of Government |
| 5.2.2.6 Lack of Sector Management Mechanism, (Inter-Coordination, Monitoring and Evaluation) |
| 5.2.2.7 Political Influence |
| 5.2.3 China Future Investment to Tanzania |
| Chapter Ⅵ Conclusion and Recommendations |
| 6.1 Conclusion |
| 6.2 Recommendations |
| References |
| Books and Journal Articles |
| Table of Cases |
| Statute and Soft Laws |
| Books and Journal Articles |
| News Reports |
| Condition of Publications |
（7）针对食源性病原菌流行性的Meta分析和都柏林沙门氏菌的比较基因组分析（论文提纲范文）
| SOURCES OF FUNDS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRACT ABSTRACT(CHINESE) PART Ⅰ. LITERATURE REVIEW |
| Chapter 1. Analysis of microbial food safety using big data |
| 1.1 Definition of big data |
| 1.2 Prevalence analysis of foodborne pathogens using big data |
| 1.3 Food safety, antimicrobial resistance and China |
| 1.4 Uses of food safety data |
| Chapter 2. Foodborne pathogens, meta-analysis and comparative genomics |
| 2.1 Introduction |
| 2.2 Objectives of meta-analysis |
| 2.3 Conduction of meta-analysis |
| 2.4 Application of meta-analysis |
| 2.5 Whole genome sequencing of microbial foodborne pathogens |
| 2.6 Comparative genomics using WGS |
| Chapter 3. Salmonella Dublin as a major foodborne pathogen |
| 3.1 Introduction |
| 3.2 Historical perspectives |
| 3.3 Global status of S. Dublin |
| 3.4 Status of S. Dublin in China |
| 3.5 Infection, invasion and colonization |
| 3.6 Antimicrobial resistance |
| 3.7 Laboratory isolation |
| 3.8 Phenotype, incubation condition and pathogenicity PART Ⅱ. ANALYTICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH |
| Chapter 4. Rationale and objectives |
| 4.1 Rationale |
| 4.2 Objectives |
| Chapter 5. Meta-analysis of foodborne pathogens |
| 5.1 Meta-analysis of foodborne pathogens in China |
| 5.2 Spatial variations of bacterial foodborne pathogens in China |
| 5.3 Meta-analysis of foodborne pathogens in selected African countries |
| Chapter 6. Phenotypic and genotypic analysis of S. Dublin |
| 6.1. Serovar isolation and confirmation |
| 6.2 Multilocus sequence typing of S. Dublin |
| 6.3 Comparative assessment of motility of S. Dublin isolates |
| 6.4 Variation in the morphotype of S. Dublin |
| 6.5 Quantification of biofilm formed by S. Dublin |
| 6.6 Estimation of the antibiotic minimum inhibitory concentration |
| 6.7 Caenorhabditis elegans animal model for virulence assessment of S. Dublin |
| 6.8 Phenotypic confirmation of Vi capsular antigen |
| Chapter 7. Comparative pathogenomic evaluation of S. Dublin |
| Chapter 8. Discussions and conclusions REFERENCES Appendix Ⅰ: TIANamp bacterial DNA extraction protocol Appendix Ⅱ: List of chemicals and reagents used Appendix Ⅲ. Papers used for data extraction [Chinese Food] Appendix Ⅳ. Data summary of forest plots [Chinese Food] Appendix Ⅴ. Papers used for data extraction [African Food] Appendix Ⅵ. Names of the isolates in each cluster Appendix Ⅶ. List of publications |
（8）An Analysis of the Factors Shaping the Outcomes of China’s Resource for Infra-structure（RFI） Model（论文提纲范文）
| Abstract |
| 内容摘要 |
| Introduction |
| A brief overview and discussion of existing literature on what determines the suc-cess of the Chinese development model (RFI) |
| Summary of the Findings |
| Policy and Theoretical Importance of Research Puzzle |
| Research Methodology |
| Thesis Outline |
| Chapter I. Literature Review. The Determinants of the Success and the Failure ofChinese Development Model |
| 1.1.Terms Definition |
| 1.2. Theories |
| 1.3. The Literature on the Determinants of the Success and the Failure of Infra-structure Development Models |
| Chapter II. Historical Background on Chinese Development Model and its Features |
| 2.1. The Origins and the Features of RFI |
| 2.2. The World Bank Transformation through Infrastructure Model |
| 2.3. Comparison between China’s RFI and the World Bank Model |
| Chapter III. China’s Resource-Financed Infrastrucure in Angola |
| 3.1. China's political and economic relations with Angola |
| 3.2. RFI in Angola |
| 3.3. The success determinants of RFI in Angola |
| Chapter IV. China’s Resource-Financed Infrastrucure in Congo |
| 4.1. China’s political and the economic Relation with Congo |
| 4.2. Chinese RFI Model in Congo |
| 4.3. The Critical Success Factors of RFI |
| Chapter V. China’s Resource-Financed Infrastrucure in Sudan |
| 5.1. China’s Political and Economic Relations with Sudan |
| 5.2. RFI in Sudan: Al-Gaili Refinery project |
| 5.3. The Failure Factor of RFI in Sudan |
| Chapter VI. China’s Resource-Financed Infrastrucure in Gabon |
| 6.1. China’s political and economic relations with Gabon |
| 6.2. FRI in Gabon |
| 6.3. Failure Factors in Gabon |
| Conclusion |
| The Key Findings and Discussion |
| Theoretical and Policy Relevance of Findings |
| Limitation of the Study and Future Research Recommendation |
| References |
| Acknowlegement |
（9）论WTO体制特殊与差别待遇条款的有效性及其促进发展的机制（论文提纲范文）
| 摘要 |
| ABSTRACT |
| LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS |
| List of Treaties |
| CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION |
| 1.1 BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT |
| 1.2 IDENTIFICATION OF PROBLEMS & RESEARCH QUESTION |
| 1.2.1 Uncertainty and Confusion Regarding the Legal Status of SDTClauses |
| 1.2.2 Lack of Implementation and Problem of Enforceability |
| 1.2.3 Problem of Defining and Differentiation of "DevelopingCountries" |
| 1.2.4 Reinforcing the SDT Clauses |
| 1.2.5. Legal Instability of Preferential Schemes |
| 1.3 RESEARCH JUSTIFICATION |
| 1.3.1 Fuller Participation and Integration |
| 1.3.2 Fostering Substantial Equality among States |
| 1.3.3 Maximizing Sustainable Development |
| 1.3.4 The'Level Playing Field':Policy Space and Flexibility amongNations |
| 1.4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY & CHAPTER OUTLINE |
| CHAPTER 2 EVOLUTION AND ASSESSMENT OF SDT CLAUSES IN GATT ANDWTO |
| 2.1 INTRODUCTION |
| 2.2 ACKNOWLEDGING DIFFERENCES AND IMBALANCES: THE CREATION OF THESDT TO DEVELOPING COUNTRIES(1947-1995) |
| 2.2.1 Havana Charter |
| 2.2.2 GATT Article ⅩⅧ:Government Assistance to EconomicDevelopment |
| 2.2.3 GATT Part Ⅳ: The Effective Bifurcation of GATT Disciplines |
| 2.2.4 The Generalized System of Preference |
| 2.2.5 Tokyo Round:Emerging International Law of Development |
| 2.2.5.1 Establishing a New International Economic Order |
| 2.2.5.2 The Enabling Clause |
| 2.2.6 The Change of SDT during the Uruguay Round, 1986-1995 |
| 2.3 STATUS OF SDT CLAUSES IN POST URUGUAY ERA NEGOTIATIONS:SINGAPORE TO BUENOS AIRES MINISTERIAL(1996-2017) |
| 2.3.1 Singapore to Seattle Ministerial(1996-2000) |
| 2.3.2 Doha Ministerial Conference and the Development Round |
| 2.3.3 China's Accession in WTO:Reshaped the Power Structure inWTO |
| 2.3.4 Hong Kong Ministerial to Nairobi Ministerial Declaration |
| 2.3.5 Bali Outcome:WTO Agreement on Trade Facilitation |
| 2.3.6 Nairobi Package:"Historic Package for Africa and Rest of theWorld" |
| 2.3.7 Buenos Aires Ministerial:Chasing Development Paradigm |
| 2.4 CLASSIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OF THE EXPERIENCES WITH SDTCLAUSES IN WTO AGREEMENTS |
| 2.4.1 Increased of Trade Opportunities/Market Access |
| 2.4.2 Provision to Safeguard the Interest of Developing Countries |
| 2.4.3 Flexibility of Commitments |
| 2.4.4 Transition Periods |
| 2.4.5 Technical Assistance |
| 2.4.6 SDT clauses for LDCs Members |
| 2.5 EFFECTIVENESS OF SDT CLAUSES:CURRENT PRACTICES |
| 2.6 QUESTING LEGAL AND ECONOMICAL RATIONALE OF SDT CLAUSES |
| 2.7 CONCLUSION |
| CHAPTER 3 PRINCIPLES AND RULES ESTABLISHING STANDARD FOR SDTCLAUSES IN WTO |
| 3.1 INTRODUCTION |
| 3.2 COOPERATION FOR DEVELOPMENT:PRINCIPLES AND RULES OFCOOPERATION FOR SDT CLAUSES |
| 3.2.1 Definition of Cooperation |
| 3.2.2 Cooperation within the Framework of the United Nations |
| 3.2.3 Mainstreaming Development: Cooperation for SDT Clauses inWTO |
| 3.2.3.1 The Duty to Cooperate for Development |
| 3.2.3.2 Right to Development |
| 3.2.3.3 Community of Shared Future for Mankind |
| 3.3 EQUALITY OF STATES AND SOVEREIGN EQUALITY OF STATES:STANDARDFOR SDT CLAUSES IN WTO |
| 3.3.1 Equality of States |
| 3.3.2 Sovereign Equality of States |
| 3.3.3 Justifying Substantive Equality: Setting Standard for SDT Clausesin WTO |
| 3.3.3.1 Decision Making Process in WTO and SDT Clauses |
| 3.3.3.2 Common but Differentiated Responsibility and SDT Clauses |
| 3.3.3.3 Sustainable Development Goals and Removing Inequality |
| 3.4 EQUITY AND EQUITABLE BENEFITS: ROLE OF EQUITY IN INTERNATIONALDEVELOPMENT LAW |
| 3.4.1 Evolution of the Concept of Equity |
| 3.4.2 Equity and SDT Clauses in WTO: Fundamental Connections |
| 3.5 CONCLUSION |
| CHAPTER 4 MECHANISMS TO IMPROVE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SDT CLAUSES IN WTOLEGAL SYSTEM |
| 4.1 INTRODUCTION |
| 4.2 ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SDT CLAUSES IN TILE WTO LEGAL SYSTEM |
| 4.2.1 Evaluating the Effectiveness of SDT Clauses in the GATTAgreements |
| 4.2.2 Evaluating the Effectiveness of SDT Clauses in the TraditionalArea of WTO Agreements |
| 4.2.2.1 Agreement on Agriculture |
| 4.2.2.2 Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPSAgreement) and Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBTAgreement) |
| 4.2.2.3 Agreement on Textile and Clothing |
| 4.2.2.4 Agreement on Implementation of Article Ⅶ of the GATT1994 |
| 4.2.2.5 Agreement on Import Licensing Procedure |
| 4.2.2.6 Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures |
| 4.2.2.7 Agreement on Safeguards |
| 4.2.2.8 The Dispute Settlement Understanding |
| 4.2.2.9 Article on Implementation of Article Ⅵ (Anti-Dumping) of theGATT 1994 |
| 4.2.3 Evaluating the Effectiveness of SDT Clauses in the New Area ofWTO Agreements |
| 4.2.3 1 GATS: General Agreement on Trade in Services |
| 4.2.3.2 Trade-Related Investment Measures(TRIMS) |
| 4.2.3.3 The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of IntellectualProperty Rights (TRIPS) |
| 4.3 MECHANISMS TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW |
| 4.3.1 Theoretical Overview of "Effectiveness" |
| 4.3.2 Assessing Effectiveness:Theories in International Law |
| 4.3.3 Models and Approaches to Measure Effectiveness |
| 4.3.4 Mechanism to Improve Effectiveness |
| 4.4 INTERPRETATION IN ACCORDANCE WITH "OBJECTIVE AND PURPOSE" OFLAW |
| 4.4.1 'Effectiveness'as a Function of Interpretation |
| 4.4.1.1 "Effectiveness" in International Courts and Tribunals |
| 4.4.1.2 The WTO and Practiced Rules of Interpretation |
| 4.4.2 Interpretation of SDT Clauses:General Policy Aspiration |
| 4.4.2.1 Resolving Imbalance:Differentiation among Countries |
| 4.4.2.2 Removing Unfreedom for Development: Concept of PolicySpace |
| 4.4.2.3. SDT Clauses in Preferential Trade Agreement:Multilateralized Regionalism |
| 4.5 THE ROLE OF LEGITIMACY IN THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SDT CLAUSES INWTO REGIME |
| 4.5.1 Role of Legitimacy in the Effectiveness of Law |
| 4.5.2 Legitimacy as a Right Process: Strategies for DevelopingCountries |
| 4.6 GUIDELINE OF FACTUAL BEHAVIOR: COMPLIANCE |
| 4.6.1 Theories of Compliance |
| 4.6.2 Managerial approach |
| 4.6.3 Acceptable level of compliance for Effectiveness of SDT Clauses |
| 4.6.3.1 Removing Ambiguity and Indeterminacy in Treaty Language |
| 4.6.3.2 Capacity Building and Technical Assistance |
| 4.7 CONCLUSION |
| CHAPTER 5 RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION |
| 5.1 ESTABLISHING THE SDT CLAUSES AS A MECHANISM FOR DEVELOPMENT |
| 5.1.1 Towards a New Pathway |
| 5.1.1.1 Framework Convention Pathway |
| 5.1.1.2. Plurilateral Agreement Pathway |
| 5.1.1.3 Soft Law Pathway |
| 5.1.1.4 A middle Way: Blending and Sequencing the Pathways |
| 5.1.2 Policy Space and Acceptable Level of Compliance forParticipation |
| 5.1.2.1 Striking a Balance |
| 5.1.2.2 Interpreting or Modifying Arrangements |
| 5.1.2.3 New Mechanism: Monitoring and a Framework |
| 5.1.2.4 TPRM: For Achieving Greater Transparency |
| 5.1.3 Multilateral Regionalism PTA |
| 5.1.4 Preferential South-South Trade: The Role of AdvancedDeveloping Countries |
| 5.1.5 EU Proposes WTO Reform in Response to US Deadlock |
| 5.2 FURTHER RESEARCH |
| BIBLIOGRAPHY |
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENT |
（10）中国与墨西哥经济特区外商直接投资机制比较研究（论文提纲范文）
| ABSTRACT 摘要 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Introduction |
| Context |
| Investigation objectives |
| General objective |
| Specific objectives Chapter 1 Theoretical Framework |
| 1.1 Globalization and Integration |
| 1.1.1 Definition of Globalization |
| 1.1.2 Definition of Integration |
| 1.1.3 Differences between Globalization and Integration |
| 1.1.4 Integration stages |
| 1.1.5 The influence of globalization and integration to the establishment of Special Economic Zones |
| 1.1.6 Difference between free trade zones and special economic zones |
| 1.2 Definition of Foreign Investment |
| 1.2.1 Classification of Foreign Investment |
| 1.2.2 Foreign Direct Investment in Special Economic Zones |
| 1.3 Legal basis of Special Economic Zones |
| 1.3.1 Domestic law as legal basis of Special Economic Zone |
| 1.3.2 International law as legal basis of Special Economic Zone |
| 1.4 Advantages and disadvantages of the Special Economic Zone |
| 1.4.1 Advantages of the Special Economic Zone |
| 1.4.2 Disadvantages of the Special Economic Zone |
| 1.4.3 International Experience Chapter 2 Introduction of Special Economic Zones from China and Mexico |
| 2.1.Special Economic Zones in China |
| 2.1.1 Origin of the Special Economic Zones in China |
| 2.1.1.1 Criteria of the Chinese Government for the creation of Special Economic Zones |
| 2.2 Designation of Special Economic Zones in China |
| 2.2.1 Geographic characteristics |
| A The development of Shenzhen as Special Economic Zone |
| B Zhuhai |
| C Shantou |
| D Xiamen |
| E The case of Hainan Island |
| 2.3 Special Economic Zones in Mexico |
| 2.3.1 Legal Framework: Federal Law on Special Economic Zones |
| A Legislative processes of the Federal Law of Special Economic Zones |
| B Objective |
| C Tax and economic benefits |
| D Establishment and Operation of Special Economic Zones |
| E Rights and Obligations of Investors |
| 2.3.2 Study of location and areas of influence |
| 2.4 Reflections about the creation of Special Economic Zones in China and Mexico Chapter 3 Facilities to Foreign Direct Investment in the Special Economic Zones in Chinaand Mexico |
| 3.1 Tax treatment for Foreign Direct Investment in the Special Economic Zones |
| 3.1.1 China |
| 3.1.1.1 Corporate tax |
| 3.1.1.2 Value-added tax |
| 3.1.1.3 The Value Added Tax (VAT) on exports |
| 3.1.1.4 Income tax |
| 3.1.1.5 Business tax |
| 3.1.1.6 Customs tax and customs regime |
| 3.1.1.7 Procedure for customs registration |
| 3.1.1.8 Benefits for Foreign Investors-Special Economic Zones and Development Zones |
| 3.1.1.9 Tax rate for foreign companies |
| 3.1.1.10 Imposition of capital gains |
| 3.1.1.11 Deductions and tax credits |
| 3.1.1.12 Other taxes on companies |
| 3.2 Mexico |
| 3.2.1 Benefits and tax incentives in Mexican law |
| 3.2.2 Fiscal Code of the Federation |
| 3.2.3 Tax treatment for foreign investment in the Special Economic Zones in Mexico |
| 3.2.3.1 Income Tax |
| 3.2.3.2 Value Added Tax |
| 3.2.4 Customs Regime |
| 3.2.5 Single window |
| 3.3 Reflections about the facilities to Foreign Direct Investment in Special Economic Zones in China and Mexico Chapter 4 Limits to the Foreign Direct Investment in Special Economic Zones in China and Mexico |
| 4.1 General context of Market Access |
| 4.2 Concept of Market Access |
| 4.3 Fundamental characteristics of the Chinese and Mexican economy |
| 4.3.1 China |
| 4.3.2 Mexico |
| 4.4 Current economic situation of People's Republic of China and Mexico |
| 4.4.1 China |
| 4.4.2 Mexico |
| 4.5 Market access according to Chinese legal framework |
| 4.5.1 Tariff barriers |
| 4.5.2 Non-tariff barriers |
| 4.5.3 Limits to foreign control and right to private property and establishment |
| 4.6 Market access according to the Mexican legal framework |
| 4.7 Concept of Limitation |
| 4.7.1 China |
| 4.7.2 Mexico |
| 4.8 Activities reserved for the State |
| 4.8.1 Strategic Areas of the Public Sector in Mexico |
| 4.8.2 Activities reserved for Mexicans or Mexican companies |
| 4.8.3 Companies and activities with specific regulation |
| 4.8.4 Activities and companies in which an authorization from the Foreign Investment Commission is required for majority participation |
| 4.9 Currency control |
| 4.10 Expropriation |
| 4.11 Comparative of the FDI trigger factors between Mexico and China: What makes each nation attractive? |
| 4.12 Reflections about the limits to Foreign Direct Investment in Special Economic Zones in China and Mexico Chapter 5 Similarities and differences between China and Mexico in the Special Economic Zones |
| 5.1 The role of States to attract Foreign Direct Investment |
| 5.1.1 Policies for attracting foreign investment from the People's Republic of China in Special Economic Zones |
| 5.1.2 Mexican policies to attract Foreign Investment in Special Economic Zones |
| 5.2 Contrasts in the growth dynamics of Foreign Direct Investment in China and Mexico |
| 5.3 Comparative analysis of the legal framework of the FDI between China and Mexico |
| 5.4 Transparency as a cultural element beyond the legal element |
| 5.5 The importance of transparency and its relationship with Foreign Direct Investment |
| 5.6 Transparency in regulatory process to attract Foreign Direct Investment in Special Economic Zones |
| 5.7 Points of convergence and divergence regarding the policies of economic competition between China and Mexico |
| 5.7.1 Concept of competence in Chinese law |
| 5.7.2 Concept of competence in Mexican law Chapter 6 Suggestions for future development of Special Economic Zones |
| 6.1 Relations between Mexico and China |
| 6.2 Within the framework of One Belt One Road: A process of opening up to Chinese investment in the Special Economic Zones in Mexico |
| 6.3 Within the framework of One Belt One Road: A bilateral cooperation in the construction of the Special Economic Zones in Mexico |
| 6.4 What should Mexico and China learn from each other? |
| 6.5 Investments between China and Mexico |
| 6.5.1 Trade and the FDI between Mexico and China (2000-2013) |
| 6.6 Investment opportunities in Mexico: infrastructure and Special Economic Zones |
| 6.7 Proposals to improve relations between China and Mexico Conclusions Bibliography |
四、IRON AND STEEL SUBJECT INDEX IN 2004 No.1～12（论文参考文献）
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- [2]Economic Implications of Rising China on Economic and Security of Southeast Asia[D]. Sugiarto Pramono. 山东大学, 2020(01)
- [3]《拉多吉卡·巴茨科诉克里斯·阿克赫斯特》判决书英汉翻译实践报告[D]. 邢耀锋. 西南科技大学, 2020(06)
- [4]冲突的社会起源 ——相对剥夺感与乌克兰广场革命[D]. Elvir Mammadov. 吉林大学, 2020(08)
- [5]经济全球化及后国家改革语境下的中国对阿根廷投资研究[D]. Gonzalo Ghiggino. 上海大学, 2019(08)
- [6]坦桑尼亚油气投资合同：批判性分析[D]. Dafina Daniel Ndumbaro. 上海交通大学, 2019(06)
- [7]针对食源性病原菌流行性的Meta分析和都柏林沙门氏菌的比较基因组分析[D]. Narayan Paudyal. 浙江大学, 2019
- [8]An Analysis of the Factors Shaping the Outcomes of China’s Resource for Infra-structure（RFI） Model[D]. Merah Salima Ahlem. 华东师范大学, 2019(08)
- [9]论WTO体制特殊与差别待遇条款的有效性及其促进发展的机制[D]. MD MEHEDI HASAN. 厦门大学, 2019(08)
- [10]中国与墨西哥经济特区外商直接投资机制比较研究[D]. LIZETTE RAMOS（李莎）. 中南财经政法大学, 2018(08)